tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35468146024404241772024-03-13T11:00:35.353-07:00Mark PrescoMark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-16975561558233797502019-11-25T16:42:00.000-08:002019-11-25T20:11:53.615-08:00A Fabric of Fields<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Universe may be a fabric of fields as described in this document:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://markpresco.blogspot.com/2018/12/musings-on-fabric-of-universe.html">https://markpresco.blogspot.com/2018/12/musings-on-fabric-of-universe.html</a></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The following expands on this concept and tries to explain how these fields might work in a somewhat simplistic mechanical fashion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The fabric of space has a null state, or flatness. In this null state, the Universe appears to be an empty void.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The "Big Bang" introduced energy into this void by some mechanism we still don't understand. This energy is stored as resonances in the nodes of the fabric of Space/Time. These resonances displace the fabric from it's null state and become visible to us. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">All that we experience is caused by the impetus of Space/Time to return it's null state. Like a displaced rubber band, it is under tension and wants to become "flat".</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Quantum Field Theory is closest to this concept.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">To reiterate, my hypothesis requires a resonance between two or more fields.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Electric Field</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Consider the electron, which displaces the electric field in the negative direction, and the positron in the positive direction. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> How does Space/Time deal with this?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The electric field between two like charges returns to the null state by pushing the particles apart. Even though the displacements persist, the field between them flattens out</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The opposite is easier to understand. Opposite charges are pushed together, cancel out, and the field returns to it's null state by annihilation, commonly resulting in the creation of two photons.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Particles that resonate with the gravitational field give them "mass". This is incompletely described by the Higgs Field:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But no one has detected an anti-grav particle, so all massive particles displace the gravitational field in the same direction. If my hypothesis is consistent, gravity must also be a repelling force as depicted above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This posits that the gravitational fields are returning to the null state by pushing massive particles into piles. This hypotheses is supported by the Dark Energy Theory which argues that the Universe is being pushed apart at an increasing rate. It also implies that Space/Time itself is not expanding, only the particles.</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But how does the impetus for Space/Time to push matter into piles overcome the forces that want to push the piles apart. According to the inverse square law the closer, the stronger, geometrically.</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">One reason might be that there is a lot more space than matter, and the impetus to flatten out overwhelms the impetus of the piles to disperse</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another reason might be a second order effect such as the curvature of Space/Time caused by the accumulative displacement by the resonances in the gravitational field nodes. So Einstein and Newton may both be right. There is a gravitational field, but the curvature of Space/Time dominates.</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is also evidence in the math. The reason that the gravitational constant is so much less than the electric or magnetic constants in the field equations is that the sum of all forces just barely favors the concentration of matter. These equations are only mathematical models, not laws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This may also provide a clue to the puzzle of Dark Matter. Galaxies do not not behave as theorized. There is not enough visible matter to account for the observed motion. Perhaps the reason is that galaxies are pushed together rather than pulled together.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Strong and Weak Forces</span></b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I do not rule out the existence of the Strong and Weak forces, or even the concept that more than three dimensions of Space/Time may be required to accommodate them. My limited understanding of them is that they play no role in the practical Physics we use in our everyday lives, as do do the other three fields, so I invoke Occam's Razor. They seem to be somewhat of a mathematical construct in order to make our current models work. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I think that their functions are inherent in the simple model outlined above. In order to flatten itself out, Space/Time pushes massive particles into piles. This works well in the case of electric field displacement. The opposite charges of protons and electrons are sequestered inside the little pile that is the atom and the bulk of Space/Time becomes electrically neutral or flat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The complexity of building atoms larger than hydrogen is beyond the scope of this paper. However, there is a parallel between the ability to get protons to overcome their tendency to repel one another and cuddle up inside the nucleus, and the ability to get the massive particles described above to concentrate into high densities. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Magnetic Field</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I believe that the Magnetic Field exists because it does manifest itself in our everyday lives. However, not much is said about it other than it is so integrated into our existence that we refer to it as the "electromagnetic force" as described in Maxwell's equations. It appears to exist as closed loops, so Space/Time is probably not a simple 3D Euclidean model as depicted above. I do not yet have any concepts as to the role this field plays in the shaping of Space/Time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the above example of the annihilation of an electron and a positron, two photons are created. Energy is conserved by simply changing the resonance mode. There are other possible resonance modes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since the electron and positron were resonating in the same electric field it is probable that the photons are too; thus the photons may be entangled. Remember that this electric field is part of the fabric of Space/Time and extends to infinity. Photons are limited to the speed of light because they are resonances between the electric and magnetic fields as they jump from node to node in the fabric of Space/Time; but if Quantum Mechanics is correct, information can be exchanged between the photons instantaneously because they are connected by the fabric of Space/Time.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here is a link that describes a method to achieve instant communication using quantum entanglement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://markpresco.blogspot.com/2018/12/faster-than-light-communication.html">https://markpresco.blogspot.com/2018/12/faster-than-light-communication.html</a></span></div>
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Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-54896943433379096012019-02-24T14:31:00.000-08:002019-02-24T14:35:17.274-08:00The Lucky Planet Hypothesis<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Why have we not detected any other intelligent life? Are we alone?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Perhaps we are among the first intelligent life forms to arise because we evolved on a lucky planet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">There are many reasons why earth can be considered a lucky planet. From it's stability, because of it's location in both the solar system and the galaxy, to the optimal conditions for life water provides. But I want to focus on a not so optimal condition that may define earth as the lucky planet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Scientists have detected periodic mass extinctions in the fossil record.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/455/1/L114/2589742">https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/455/1/L114/2589742</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Every 26 million years a mass extinction event weeds out the weaker life forms, making room for the hardier forms to thrive and evolve.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/57942-what-was-first-life-on-earth.html">https://www.livescience.com/57942-what-was-first-life-on-earth.html</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">3,800,000,000 / 26,000,000 = 146 events in the 3.8 billion years life has been evolving on this planet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">So:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">1. Heads, we experience a mass extinction event that accelerates evolution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">2. Tails, we experience a mass extinction event that sends us back to square one.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">We have thrown 146 heads in a row. Very lucky indeed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Of course, this assumes that a totally stable environment will actually impede evolution. </span></div>
Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-87117170929907926862018-12-31T18:26:00.000-08:002019-01-01T13:45:06.979-08:00An Argument for a Human Colony in Earth Orbit<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The best insurance policy for the survival of the Human Race
are permanent off-world colonies. The
first one should be in earth orbit. The following discusses the advantages and
addresses the problems of this approach.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Immediate and cost
effective solution.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">All of the pieces are
now in place from the private sector. The International Space Station can be
retasked to be the kernel of a modularly
expanding colony. Bigelow Aerospace has modules in production and is
testing a module currently attached to the ISS. This colony can be easily
supported from earth with private sector spacecraft currently in operation.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Revenues<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This colony could generate revenues by functioning as a
tourist hotel and space port. Space shuttles can be assembled here for
exploring the solar system, asteroid mining, establishing farther out colonies,
etc. These shuttles can be as large as needed since they don't land on planets.
They can carry landers if required. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Zero-G<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The biggest argument against such a colony is bone loss and
other health problems due to zero-G. I discount this argument because life
evolved in the oceans. Training in pools is the closest astronauts can get to zero-G on earth. Whales may
suffocate when beached, but in the ocean, their bones and organs are just fine.
We should be able to adapt as well as they did. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">However, permanent space colonists must commit to never
living on a planet. They will never again have to plod around under the tyranny
of gravity. In zero-G people can essentially fly. Unneeded feet can evolve into
hands (What does God need with feet? Are we really made in His image?) Life
could actually be better.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, they will forever
be dependent upon technology. But naturalists don't understand how dependant and vulnerable we are on this one of a kind jewel of a
planet. It can be gone in a heartbeat. We must expand our horizons as soon as
possible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">If it turns out zero-G is not feasible, we should be able to
figure it out long before these colonists are unable to re-adapt to a gravity
well.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Self Sufficiency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A priority will be to become self-reliant as soon as
possible. This will be the best insurance policy for the survival of the human
race. It will be absolutely necessary for remote colonies and can be developed at low risk here.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Shielding<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The advantage of a low earth orbit colony is that it gets
sufficient shielding from earth's magnetosphere. However, the "day" is rather short
with a sunrise every 90 minutes . A geosynchronous orbit, or spacecraft will require artificial shielding. I propose a
magnet field generator at the center of the structure.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Benefits of a
Magnetic Field<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> A strong magnetic
field will require quite a bit of power, but can have benefits in addition to
shielding. If it is AC or even pulsating DC,
it can be used to distribute power to devices throughout the
habitat without wiring. Pickup coils
will transform an AC magnetic field into local current.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">One device can be a motility belt that will works against
the magnet field and propel the wearer throughput the structure, or enable station
keeping. It may be possible to design the belt to use the field like an
induction motor; requiring no local power source.</span><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/AQqyGNOP_3o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AQqyGNOP_3o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So the ideal habitat will have very large open spaces (simply bubbles) where the occupants can fly around in at will. This is infinity cheaper than O'Neill ships, that are massive and must withstand the enormous forces created by rotation in order to generate artificial gravity (no one living today will ever see one).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Generational Starships</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">These habitats can be used as starships . All that is required is a propulsion source. I propose the sun. We use a Dyson swarm to collimate a large light beam to Alpha Centauri, using reflectors, or lasers if necessary. It should have a solar flux density roughly equal to that which illuminates Earth. This will provide all of the energy required for the journey. The habitats will use this "light bridge" to sail to the next star. It may take 100,000 years, but stay at homes will simply orbit the sun for that same time period. This light bridge should be miles in diameter in order to support a flotilla of spacecraft and all of the asteroids and comets that will be sent along for raw materials. Only light sails are required to these masses.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The one problem with this is that local inhabitants must maintain the bridge for the required length of time or. at least, not interfere with the robots built to maintain it. Assuming, of course that no other energy source is developed during that time.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another argument is why try to colonize the next star with such low tech. In 1000 years we will develop warp drive and zoom past them. Maybe, but they can be picked up along the way. But then again what difference does it make whether you are spinning in circles around a star or on a linear trajectory between them. The habitat is your home.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This journey can be shortened significantly if the habitats can be decelerated in order to achieve orbit around the star. There is a danger of traveling so fast that the habitats cannot be captured by the star. If robots can be sent to the destination star ahead of time, they can build a bridge that can </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">decelerate the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">habitats. This will be a more reliable energy source since it can't be interfered with by Terran politics. This opens the door for gravity lovers. A strong enough solar flux density can accelerate the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">habitats at one-G and then at mid point </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">decelerate them </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">at one-G. Sorry, but I can't do the math to come up with actual numbers for the journey to Alpha Centauri. However, since they will probably prefer to remain in their </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">habitats</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> while orbiting the star, they will be back to zero-G.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We colonized the Earth with sails. No one suggested to wait until we invent jets.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For those of you who can't conceive of a space habitat as comfortable as earth, you forget about the storms, hurricanes, tornadoes , fires, floods, earthquakes, etc. that we have had to deal with for the past 100,000 years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Search for Intelligent Life</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If some other intelligence in our galaxy is using light bridges for this purpose, we should be able to detect them. This will confirm both their presence and the viability of this approach. Start looking.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One reason we haven't seen aliens yet may be that intelligence life simply colonizes space. Living in zero-G may have advantages which includes lots of room for expansion. They may have little interest in gravity wells. All you need is a star for energy... if that.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">So why aren't they orbiting our star and mining our asteroids? Perhaps there is no rush to spread your seed throughout the galaxy. Just doing it is sufficient.</span><br />
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Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-52737560436954103382018-12-31T14:14:00.000-08:002018-12-31T18:29:01.390-08:00The Permanent Disposal Of High Level Nuclear Waste<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">This document outlines a technology that is intended to
provide a permanent solution to the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. It
has as a second objective a method to create revenues by generating electricity
from this waste. The following topics are presented:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The
permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Generating
electricity from high-level nuclear waste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Generating
electricity from nuclear <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fusion</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The
permanent disposal of low-level nuclear waste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">History<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Several years ago Scientific America
reported that Lawrence Livermore Laboratories proposed to develop a device that
could be used to more accurately measure the yield of a thermonuclear
warhead. This device is a vessel that can contain the detonation of an H-bomb.
The detonation would heat the box and thus, the energy released could be
measured. It is basically a giant calorimeter. If such a device could be built,
then the objectives delineated above are feasible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">This document will propose how this
devise, hereafter called the “Box”, can be used to economically solve the
nuclear waste problem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The Permanent disposal of High Level
Nuclear Waste<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The reason for proposing such a strong
and massive device as the Box is, of course, for safety reasons. The Box must
permanently and safely contain high-level nuclear waste for thousands of years.
It must be able to withstand all possible scenarios for such high
concentrations of waste, such as small explosions or meltdowns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although it may be possible to engineer a
smaller and weaker version of the Box to achieve these goals, a Box that can
safely contain the detonation of a full-scale thermonuclear warhead can
expand the scope of the project. This will be discussed later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The primary objectives for this approach are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Permanent
disposal of high-level nuclear waste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Safety:
No possible way for this waste to find it’s way into the environment. Whatever
goes into the Box, stays in the Box.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Cost:
Although this Box is expensive, billions of dollars have already been spent
with no permanent solution in sight.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Generating electricity from high level
nuclear waste<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The problem (and advantage) with concentrating high-level
nuclear waste is the heat that can build up in the Box. If enough heat is
produced, then electricity can be generated from the Box. Coolant pipes can be
placed in the walls of the Box to extract the heat. See figure 1. It may be
possible to find the right ratio (mass of the Box) to (mass of the waste) to
generate electricity for thousands of years. If this is true then the Box will
pay for itself well before it’s lifetime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">For safety reasons it would be wise to design the Box to
withstand this heat build up with no active cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">If enough heat cannot be produced from concentrated
high-level nuclear waste to generate electricity, at least the disposal problem
is solved. However, there is a solution for this situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Figure 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Electricity generated from concentrated
high-level nuclear waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Generating
Electricity from nuclear fusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The Box can be the first practical online fusion reactor if
it is strong enough to safely contain a thermonuclear detonation. There is a
large stockpile of warheads to be disposed of. Since tritium and deuterium have
a limited shelf life, it may be more economical to extract the energy with the
Box than any other method. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">This can be used in conjunction with nuclear waste to
periodically add energy to the Box if the waste does not produce enough energy
of it’s own. The radioactive byproducts will remain in the Box and add to
residual energy production.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Disposing of
low-level nuclear waste.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">The Box can be used for the disposal of low-level nuclear
waste if a filter can be designed to extract the radioactive elements from the
gases that must be vented from the Box. The radioactive material will be thrown
back into the Box. This is high risk and requires advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: medium;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: medium;">This document outlines a low-tech solution to many of the
nuclear waste problems our country faces. The technical problems and
considerations that arise to implement this technology are not discussed. It is
the goal of this document to foment such a discussion. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-83163883598251619432018-12-15T12:21:00.001-08:002020-02-14T19:10:50.714-08:00Faster than Light Communication<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If the following is true, then faster than light communication is feasible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">1. Quantum entangled photons are emitted pairs, or structures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">2. Any change in one will instantaneously affect the other, no matter what the distance between them. For this design, the change will be annihilation. One theory states that simply measuring one photon will collapse the wave front. Reflection or absorbsion should also work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">An emission source is required. It would be fortunate if a star would suffice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The transmitter can be any distance from the emitter, the receiver on the opposite side must be slightly farther away. Let's say they are both 10 light years away from the emitter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The receiver is measuring the photons issuing from the emitter. 10 years ago, two sets of entangled photons left the emitter. They arrive at the transmitter first, who then annihilates enough photons to be detected by the receiver. The receiver measures the change in flux density immediately after they were annihilated by the transmitter. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Thusly, an instantaneous digital data stream can be established over a distance of 20 light years, delayed only by how much farther away from the emitter the receiver is than the transmitter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The advantage of using a star is that they have been emitting photons for millions of years. All that is required is that the receiver be able measure the change in flux density created by the transmitter. Only annihilated entangled photons will be useful. They don't have to be on opposite sides of the star, just preferably equidistant from it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">SETI hunters might want to look to see if an alien intelligence is modulating a star in order to communicate. I would start with the hydrogen spectral line, but maybe a broad spectrum works better. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If a star is impractical, then a laser emitter should work. If annihilation is impractical, any method that will allow a receiver to measure a statistical change will do.</span></div>
Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3546814602440424177.post-34426335653212235612018-12-04T21:21:00.000-08:002019-11-25T16:56:42.171-08:00Musings on The Fabric of the Universe<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">My weakness in mathematics prevents my being a physicist, but it interests me greatly. In trying to make sense of the current state of physics, I have come to view the Universe much differently than most. Allow me to present a hypothesis that the universe is composed of a fabric of fields. it further proposes that what we observe as particles, or "strings" are merely resonances in this fabric. What follows is a simple 3D model of how this universe might function.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>A particle</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A particle can be defined as a point in free space. A point can be defined as the intersection of three orthogonal planes: electric field, magnetic field, and gravitational field. A particle is a resonance between these fields at this point or "node", There must be a resonance mode to account for every unique particle in the Standard Model. In its null state, this node appears as empty space. A resonance at a node displaces one or more of the 3 fields from its null state and becomes "visible" to the universe. Since these fields extend to infinity, a displacement at a node pushes or pulls at every other node in the universe according to the inverse square law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Below is a snapshot from Brian Greene's The Fabric of the Cosmos. Envision an infinite number of parallel electric field planes, orthogonal to those an infinite number of parallel magnetic field planes and orthogonal to both an infinite number of parallel gravitational field planes. Particles can exist only where these planes intersect: the nodes illustrated by the intersection of three lines. It is not likely that space is organized in such a simple 3D pattern, but let's keep it simple for now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The 4 episodes of The Fabric of the Cosmos</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>Quantum
Mechanics</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Particles appear to be fairly stable once they
come into existence (conservation of energy). This allows them to jump from one
node to another in order to move about. This may account for the quantum effect
that perplex so many physicists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>The Photon</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">The Photon
may be a simple example. It is a resonance mode primarily between the electric
and magnetic field planes. First transferring its energy into the electric
field plane and then the magnetic field plane 90 degrees out of phase as it jumps
from node to node at the speed of light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>The Electron</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">The electron appears
to be a resonance between the electric and gravitational field planes. This
gives it "mass". The resonance seems to be DC, if such a thing is
possible. The static displacement of these fields, described as a point source interact with all other
particles similarly displacing these fields in accordance to the inverse square
law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Gravity</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This hypothesis is not inconsistent with Einsteins General Theory of Relativity which asserts that particles with mass bend space. The difference with my hypothesis is that these particles are not independent of space, but simply resonances that displace the gravity field plain from it's null state. This displacement falls off in accordance to inverse square law.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Field Equations</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Newton's Law of Gravity posited that it was a force field that pulled matter toward each other. Einstein's theory of curved space is more robust and favored by physicists. But no one has come up with similar alternative explanations for the magnetic and electric force fields, so the concept of force fields are still with us. They are remarkably similar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This is the "inverse square law" cited above. The force diminishes with the square of the distance between them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">But how does an electron generate an electric field that reaches to infinity and interacts with every other subatomic particle in the universe? One theory is that photons act as intermediaries. That's a lot of photons. We don't see them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">My hypothesis is that particles are connected by the fabric of space itself, it is not that different except for the concept that there are no independent particles at all.</span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>Dark Matter
and Dark Energy</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">The Electron
may give us a clue about Dark Energy. Particles that displace the electric
field planes in like manner are pushed apart. The nodes of Space/Time don't
move, the resonances are moved to other nodes because they are connected by
the fabric. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Similarly, particles
that displace the gravitational field planes in like manner are drawn together.
We just don't understand all of the possible resonance modes, or the mechanism by which particles influence each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Resonance</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Resonance is a common phenomena in our universe. It occurs in both mechanical and electrical systems, and is remarkably similar in both. An electronic tank circuit uses a capacitor and an inductor to store energy using magnetic and electric fields. Theoretically, it could continue forever if not for losses in this system at room temperature. All it needs is to be excited with energy.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">It is easy for me to see how the fabric of the universe can act as a tank circuit. As in the photon, which is alternating current, or AC.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">An electron appears to be direct current or DC. It doesn't appear to oscillate. It stores it's energy like a capacitor and statically displaces the electric and gravity field planes. However, it can move from node to node and when it does, it displaces the magnetic field plane, so I choose to call it a resonance mode as well.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">This is consistent with String Theory which says that all particles are vibrating strings. Note the use of the word resonating. The quality of a musical instrument depends on resonance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">I believe that the strings are the fabric of the universe itself.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">String Theory</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">For your convenience the three episodes of "The Elegant Universe" are linked below. I have never worked with String equations. The episodes don't explain how vibrating strings generate the electric and magnetic fields that our technology is based on. However, I believe that integrating String Theory into the Fabric of space will bring us closer to the truth.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">The laws of Physics.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">We don't have any true laws of physics because we really don't know what the universe is. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">What we have are very powerful mathematical models that predict the behavior of the universe to some very high degree of accuracy. This is a very good thing because it gives us the power to predict the future, and it proves to me, at least, that these laws do exist.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">However, I think we will be stuck with these models for a very long time because the true laws of physics work only at the subatomic level. To use them at the macro level, we must know the state of every subatomic particle in the universe at some particular instant in time and then calculate how they influence every other particle. This may never be possible.</span></span></div>
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<br />Mark Prescohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03261202790462777158noreply@blogger.com0